hw/arm/nseries: Fix loading kernel image on n8x0 machines

[qemu.git] / qemu-options.hx

HXCOMM Use DEFHEADING() to define headings in both help text and rST.
HXCOMM Text between SRST and ERST is copied to the rST version and
HXCOMM discarded from C version.
HXCOMM DEF(option, HAS_ARG/0, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask) is used to
HXCOMM construct option structures, enums and help message for specified
HXCOMM architectures.
HXCOMM HXCOMM can be used for comments, discarded from both rST and C.

DEFHEADING(Standard options:)

DEF("help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h,
    "-h or -help     display this help and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-h``
    Display help and exit
ERST

DEF("version", 0, QEMU_OPTION_version,
    "-version        display version information and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-version``
    Display version information and exit
ERST

DEF("machine", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_machine, \
    "-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)\n"
    "                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator\n"
    "                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg (default: tcg)\n"
    "                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)\n"
    "                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)\n"
    "                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)\n"
    "                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)\n"
    "                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)\n"
    "                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)\n"
    "                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)\n"
    "                enforce-config-section=on|off enforce configuration section migration (default=off)\n"
    "                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)\n"
    "                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-machine [type=]name[,prop=value[,...]]``
    Select the emulated machine by name. Use ``-machine help`` to list
    available machines.

    For architectures which aim to support live migration compatibility
    across releases, each release will introduce a new versioned machine
    type. For example, the 2.8.0 release introduced machine types
    "pc-i440fx-2.8" and "pc-q35-2.8" for the x86\_64/i686 architectures.

    To allow live migration of guests from QEMU version 2.8.0, to QEMU
    version 2.9.0, the 2.9.0 version must support the "pc-i440fx-2.8"
    and "pc-q35-2.8" machines too. To allow users live migrating VMs to
    skip multiple intermediate releases when upgrading, new releases of
    QEMU will support machine types from many previous versions.

    Supported machine properties are:

    ``accel=accels1[:accels2[:...]]``
        This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target
        architecture, kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg can be available.
        By default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator
        specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to
        initialize.

    ``vmport=on|off|auto``
        Enables emulation of VMWare IO port, for vmmouse etc. auto says
        to select the value based on accel. For accel=xen the default is
        off otherwise the default is on.

    ``dump-guest-core=on|off``
        Include guest memory in a core dump. The default is on.

    ``mem-merge=on|off``
        Enables or disables memory merge support. This feature, when
        supported by the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages
        among VMs instances (enabled by default).

    ``aes-key-wrap=on|off``
        Enables or disables AES key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts.
        This feature controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created
        to allow execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default
        is on.

    ``dea-key-wrap=on|off``
        Enables or disables DEA key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts.
        This feature controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created
        to allow execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default
        is on.

    ``nvdimm=on|off``
        Enables or disables NVDIMM support. The default is off.

    ``enforce-config-section=on|off``
        If ``enforce-config-section`` is set to on, force migration code
        to send configuration section even if the machine-type sets the
        ``migration.send-configuration`` property to off. NOTE: this
        parameter is deprecated. Please use ``-global``
        ``migration.send-configuration``\ =on\|off instead.

    ``memory-encryption=``
        Memory encryption object to use. The default is none.

    ``hmat=on|off``
        Enables or disables ACPI Heterogeneous Memory Attribute Table
        (HMAT) support. The default is off.
ERST

HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine
DEF("M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu,
    "-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-cpu model``
    Select CPU model (``-cpu help`` for list and additional feature
    selection)
ERST

DEF("accel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_accel,
    "-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg; use 'help' for a list)\n"
    "                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)\n"
    "                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)\n"
    "                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes\n"
    "                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)\n"
    "                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-accel name[,prop=value[,...]]``
    This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target
    architecture, kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg can be available. By
    default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator
    specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to
    initialize.

    ``igd-passthru=on|off``
        When Xen is in use, this option controls whether Intel
        integrated graphics devices can be passed through to the guest
        (default=off)

    ``kernel-irqchip=on|off|split``
        Controls KVM in-kernel irqchip support. The default is full
        acceleration of the interrupt controllers. On x86, split irqchip
        reduces the kernel attack surface, at a performance cost for
        non-MSI interrupts. Disabling the in-kernel irqchip completely
        is not recommended except for debugging purposes.

    ``kvm-shadow-mem=size``
        Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU.

    ``tb-size=n``
        Controls the size (in MiB) of the TCG translation block cache.

    ``thread=single|multi``
        Controls number of TCG threads. When the TCG is multi-threaded
        there will be one thread per vCPU therefor taking advantage of
        additional host cores. The default is to enable multi-threading
        where both the back-end and front-ends support it and no
        incompatible TCG features have been enabled (e.g.
        icount/replay).
ERST

DEF("smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp,
    "-smp [cpus=]n[,maxcpus=cpus][,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,dies=dies][,sockets=sockets]\n"
    "                set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n"
    "                maxcpus= maximum number of total cpus, including\n"
    "                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc\n"
    "                cores= number of CPU cores on one socket (for PC, it's on one die)\n"
    "                threads= number of threads on one CPU core\n"
    "                dies= number of CPU dies on one socket (for PC only)\n"
    "                sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system\n",
        QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-smp [cpus=]n[,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,dies=dies][,sockets=sockets][,maxcpus=maxcpus]``
    Simulate an SMP system with n CPUs. On the PC target, up to 255 CPUs
    are supported. On Sparc32 target, Linux limits the number of usable
    CPUs to 4. For the PC target, the number of cores per die, the
    number of threads per cores, the number of dies per packages and the
    total number of sockets can be specified. Missing values will be
    computed. If any on the three values is given, the total number of
    CPUs n can be omitted. maxcpus specifies the maximum number of
    hotpluggable CPUs.
ERST

DEF("numa", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_numa,
    "-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]\n"
    "-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]\n"
    "-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance\n"
    "-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]\n"
    "-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]\n"
    "-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]``
  \ 
``-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]``
  \
``-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance``
  \ 
``-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]``
  \ 
``-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=hierarchy,data-type=tpye[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]``
  \ 
``-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=str][,policy=str][,line=size]``
    Define a NUMA node and assign RAM and VCPUs to it. Set the NUMA
    distance from a source node to a destination node. Set the ACPI
    Heterogeneous Memory Attributes for the given nodes.

    Legacy VCPU assignment uses '\ ``cpus``\ ' option where firstcpu and
    lastcpu are CPU indexes. Each '\ ``cpus``\ ' option represent a
    contiguous range of CPU indexes (or a single VCPU if lastcpu is
    omitted). A non-contiguous set of VCPUs can be represented by
    providing multiple '\ ``cpus``\ ' options. If '\ ``cpus``\ ' is
    omitted on all nodes, VCPUs are automatically split between them.

    For example, the following option assigns VCPUs 0, 1, 2 and 5 to a
    NUMA node:

    ::

        -numa node,cpus=0-2,cpus=5

    '\ ``cpu``\ ' option is a new alternative to '\ ``cpus``\ ' option
    which uses '\ ``socket-id|core-id|thread-id``\ ' properties to
    assign CPU objects to a node using topology layout properties of
    CPU. The set of properties is machine specific, and depends on used
    machine type/'\ ``smp``\ ' options. It could be queried with
    '\ ``hotpluggable-cpus``\ ' monitor command. '\ ``node-id``\ '
    property specifies node to which CPU object will be assigned, it's
    required for node to be declared with '\ ``node``\ ' option before
    it's used with '\ ``cpu``\ ' option.

    For example:

    ::

        -M pc \
        -smp 1,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
        -numa node,nodeid=0 -numa node,nodeid=1 \
        -numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 -numa cpu,node-id=1,socket-id=1

    Legacy '\ ``mem``\ ' assigns a given RAM amount to a node (not supported
    for 5.1 and newer machine types). '\ ``memdev``\ ' assigns RAM from
    a given memory backend device to a node. If '\ ``mem``\ ' and
    '\ ``memdev``\ ' are omitted in all nodes, RAM is split equally between them.


    '\ ``mem``\ ' and '\ ``memdev``\ ' are mutually exclusive.
    Furthermore, if one node uses '\ ``memdev``\ ', all of them have to
    use it.

    '\ ``initiator``\ ' is an additional option that points to an
    initiator NUMA node that has best performance (the lowest latency or
    largest bandwidth) to this NUMA node. Note that this option can be
    set only when the machine property 'hmat' is set to 'on'.

    Following example creates a machine with 2 NUMA nodes, node 0 has
    CPU. node 1 has only memory, and its initiator is node 0. Note that
    because node 0 has CPU, by default the initiator of node 0 is itself
    and must be itself.

    ::

        -machine hmat=on \
        -m 2G,slots=2,maxmem=4G \
        -object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
        -object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
        -numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
        -numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
        -smp 2,sockets=2,maxcpus=2  \
        -numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
        -numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1

    source and destination are NUMA node IDs. distance is the NUMA
    distance from source to destination. The distance from a node to
    itself is always 10. If any pair of nodes is given a distance, then
    all pairs must be given distances. Although, when distances are only
    given in one direction for each pair of nodes, then the distances in
    the opposite directions are assumed to be the same. If, however, an
    asymmetrical pair of distances is given for even one node pair, then
    all node pairs must be provided distance values for both directions,
    even when they are symmetrical. When a node is unreachable from
    another node, set the pair's distance to 255.

    Note that the -``numa`` option doesn't allocate any of the specified
    resources, it just assigns existing resources to NUMA nodes. This
    means that one still has to use the ``-m``, ``-smp`` options to
    allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively.

    Use '\ ``hmat-lb``\ ' to set System Locality Latency and Bandwidth
    Information between initiator and target NUMA nodes in ACPI
    Heterogeneous Attribute Memory Table (HMAT). Initiator NUMA node can
    create memory requests, usually it has one or more processors.
    Target NUMA node contains addressable memory.

    In '\ ``hmat-lb``\ ' option, node are NUMA node IDs. hierarchy is
    the memory hierarchy of the target NUMA node: if hierarchy is
    'memory', the structure represents the memory performance; if
    hierarchy is 'first-level\|second-level\|third-level', this
    structure represents aggregated performance of memory side caches
    for each domain. type of 'data-type' is type of data represented by
    this structure instance: if 'hierarchy' is 'memory', 'data-type' is
    'access\|read\|write' latency or 'access\|read\|write' bandwidth of
    the target memory; if 'hierarchy' is
    'first-level\|second-level\|third-level', 'data-type' is
    'access\|read\|write' hit latency or 'access\|read\|write' hit
    bandwidth of the target memory side cache.

    lat is latency value in nanoseconds. bw is bandwidth value, the
    possible value and units are NUM[M\|G\|T], mean that the bandwidth
    value are NUM byte per second (or MB/s, GB/s or TB/s depending on
    used suffix). Note that if latency or bandwidth value is 0, means
    the corresponding latency or bandwidth information is not provided.

    In '\ ``hmat-cache``\ ' option, node-id is the NUMA-id of the memory
    belongs. size is the size of memory side cache in bytes. level is
    the cache level described in this structure, note that the cache
    level 0 should not be used with '\ ``hmat-cache``\ ' option.
    associativity is the cache associativity, the possible value is
    'none/direct(direct-mapped)/complex(complex cache indexing)'. policy
    is the write policy. line is the cache Line size in bytes.

    For example, the following options describe 2 NUMA nodes. Node 0 has
    2 cpus and a ram, node 1 has only a ram. The processors in node 0
    access memory in node 0 with access-latency 5 nanoseconds,
    access-bandwidth is 200 MB/s; The processors in NUMA node 0 access
    memory in NUMA node 1 with access-latency 10 nanoseconds,
    access-bandwidth is 100 MB/s. And for memory side cache information,
    NUMA node 0 and 1 both have 1 level memory cache, size is 10KB,
    policy is write-back, the cache Line size is 8 bytes:

    ::

        -machine hmat=on \
        -m 2G \
        -object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
        -object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
        -smp 2 \
        -numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
        -numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
        -numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
        -numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1 \
        -numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=5 \
        -numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=200M \
        -numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=10 \
        -numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=100M \
        -numa hmat-cache,node-id=0,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8 \
        -numa hmat-cache,node-id=1,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8
ERST

DEF("add-fd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_add_fd,
    "-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]\n"
    "                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]``
    Add a file descriptor to an fd set. Valid options are:

    ``fd=fd``
        This option defines the file descriptor of which a duplicate is
        added to fd set. The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or
        stderr.

    ``set=set``
        This option defines the ID of the fd set to add the file
        descriptor to.

    ``opaque=opaque``
        This option defines a free-form string that can be used to
        describe fd.

    You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd
    set:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| \\
         -add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \\
         -add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \\
         -drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
ERST

DEF("set", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_set,
    "-set group.id.arg=value\n"
    "                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>\n"
    "                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-set group.id.arg=value``
    Set parameter arg for item id of type group
ERST

DEF("global", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_global,
    "-global driver.property=value\n"
    "-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value\n"
    "                set a global default for a driver property\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-global driver.prop=value``
  \ 
``-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value``
    Set default value of driver's property prop to value, e.g.:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img

    In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices
    which are created automatically by the machine model. To create a
    device which is not created automatically and set properties on it,
    use -``device``.

    -global driver.prop=value is shorthand for -global
    driver=driver,property=prop,value=value. The longhand syntax works
    even when driver contains a dot.
ERST

DEF("boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot,
    "-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]\n"
    "      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]\n"
    "                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)\n"
    "                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on\n"
    "                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms\n"
    "                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off][,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_timeout][,strict=on|off]``
    Specify boot order drives as a string of drive letters. Valid drive
    letters depend on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b
    (floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p
    (Etherboot from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default.
    To apply a particular boot order only on the first startup, specify
    it via ``once``. Note that the ``order`` or ``once`` parameter
    should not be used together with the ``bootindex`` property of
    devices, since the firmware implementations normally do not support
    both at the same time.

    Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via ``menu=on`` as far
    as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot.

    A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it
    as logo, when option splash=sp\_name is given and menu=on, If
    firmware/BIOS supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system
    support it. limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a
    BMP file in 24 BPP format(true color). The resolution should be
    supported by the SVGA mode, so the recommended is 320x240, 640x480,
    800x640.

    A timeout could be passed to bios, guest will pause for rb\_timeout
    ms when boot failed, then reboot. If rb\_timeout is '-1', guest will
    not reboot, qemu passes '-1' to bios by default. Currently Seabios
    for X86 system support it.

    Do strict boot via ``strict=on`` as far as firmware/BIOS supports
    it. This only effects when boot priority is changed by bootindex
    options. The default is non-strict boot.

    .. parsed-literal::

        # try to boot from network first, then from hard disk
        |qemu_system_x86| -boot order=nc
        # boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot
        |qemu_system_x86| -boot once=d
        # boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.
        |qemu_system_x86| -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000

    Note: The legacy format '-boot drives' is still supported but its
    use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions.
ERST

DEF("m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m,
    "-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]\n"
    "                configure guest RAM\n"
    "                size: initial amount of guest memory\n"
    "                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)\n"
    "                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)\n"
    "NOTE: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]``
    Sets guest startup RAM size to megs megabytes. Default is 128 MiB.
    Optionally, a suffix of "M" or "G" can be used to signify a value in
    megabytes or gigabytes respectively. Optional pair slots, maxmem
    could be used to set amount of hotpluggable memory slots and maximum
    amount of memory. Note that maxmem must be aligned to the page size.

    For example, the following command-line sets the guest startup RAM
    size to 1GB, creates 3 slots to hotplug additional memory and sets
    the maximum memory the guest can reach to 4GB:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G

    If slots and maxmem are not specified, memory hotplug won't be
    enabled and the guest startup RAM will never increase.
ERST

DEF("mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath,
    "-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mem-path path``
    Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in path.
ERST

DEF("mem-prealloc", 0, QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc,
    "-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mem-prealloc``
    Preallocate memory when using -mem-path.
ERST

DEF("k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k,
    "-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-k language``
    Use keyboard layout language (for example ``fr`` for French). This
    option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC keycodes
    (e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC or curses
    display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or
    PC/Windows hosts.

    The available layouts are:

    ::

        ar  de-ch  es  fo     fr-ca  hu  ja  mk     no  pt-br  sv
        da  en-gb  et  fr     fr-ch  is  lt  nl     pl  ru     th
        de  en-us  fi  fr-be  hr     it  lv  nl-be  pt  sl     tr

    The default is ``en-us``.
ERST


HXCOMM Deprecated by -audiodev
DEF("audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help,
    "-audio-help     show -audiodev equivalent of the currently specified audio settings\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-audio-help``
    Will show the -audiodev equivalent of the currently specified
    (deprecated) environment variables.
ERST

DEF("audiodev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_audiodev,
    "-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                specifies the audio backend to use\n"
    "                id= identifier of the backend\n"
    "                timer-period= timer period in microseconds\n"
    "                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU\n"
    "                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio\n"
    "                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings\n"
    "                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings\n"
    "                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings\n"
    "                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32\n"
    "                in|out.voices= number of voices to use\n"
    "                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds\n"
    "-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                dummy driver that discards all output\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_ALSA
    "-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use\n"
    "                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds\n"
    "                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
    "                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_COREAUDIO
    "-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_DSOUND
    "-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                latency= add extra latency to playback in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_OSS
    "-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use\n"
    "                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
    "                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
    "                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access\n"
    "                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode\n"
    "                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_PA
    "-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                server= PulseAudio server address\n"
    "                in|out.name= source/sink device name\n"
    "                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_SDL
    "-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SPICE
    "-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
#endif
    "-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                path= path of wav file to record\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Adds a new audio backend driver identified by id. There are global
    and driver specific properties. Some values can be set differently
    for input and output, they're marked with ``in|out.``. You can set
    the input's property with ``in.prop`` and the output's property with
    ``out.prop``. For example:

    ::

        -audiodev alsa,id=example,in.frequency=44110,out.frequency=8000
        -audiodev alsa,id=example,out.channels=1 # leaves in.channels unspecified

    NOTE: parameter validation is known to be incomplete, in many cases
    specifying an invalid option causes QEMU to print an error message
    and continue emulation without sound.

    Valid global options are:

    ``id=identifier``
        Identifies the audio backend.

    ``timer-period=period``
        Sets the timer period used by the audio subsystem in
        microseconds. Default is 10000 (10 ms).

    ``in|out.mixing-engine=on|off``
        Use QEMU's mixing engine to mix all streams inside QEMU and
        convert audio formats when not supported by the backend. When
        off, fixed-settings must be off too. Note that disabling this
        option means that the selected backend must support multiple
        streams and the audio formats used by the virtual cards,
        otherwise you'll get no sound. It's not recommended to disable
        this option unless you want to use 5.1 or 7.1 audio, as mixing
        engine only supports mono and stereo audio. Default is on.

    ``in|out.fixed-settings=on|off``
        Use fixed settings for host audio. When off, it will change
        based on how the guest opens the sound card. In this case you
        must not specify frequency, channels or format. Default is on.

    ``in|out.frequency=frequency``
        Specify the frequency to use when using fixed-settings. Default
        is 44100Hz.

    ``in|out.channels=channels``
        Specify the number of channels to use when using fixed-settings.
        Default is 2 (stereo).

    ``in|out.format=format``
        Specify the sample format to use when using fixed-settings.
        Valid values are: ``s8``, ``s16``, ``s32``, ``u8``, ``u16``,
        ``u32``, ``f32``. Default is ``s16``.

    ``in|out.voices=voices``
        Specify the number of voices to use. Default is 1.

    ``in|out.buffer-length=usecs``
        Sets the size of the buffer in microseconds.

``-audiodev none,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a dummy backend that discards all outputs. This backend has
    no backend specific properties.

``-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates backend using the ALSA. This backend is only available on
    Linux.

    ALSA specific options are:

    ``in|out.dev=device``
        Specify the ALSA device to use for input and/or output. Default
        is ``default``.

    ``in|out.period-length=usecs``
        Sets the period length in microseconds.

    ``in|out.try-poll=on|off``
        Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.

    ``threshold=threshold``
        Threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts. Default is 0.

``-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend using Apple's Core Audio. This backend is only
    available on Mac OS and only supports playback.

    Core Audio specific options are:

    ``in|out.buffer-count=count``
        Sets the count of the buffers.

``-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend using Microsoft's DirectSound. This backend is
    only available on Windows and only supports playback.

    DirectSound specific options are:

    ``latency=usecs``
        Add extra usecs microseconds latency to playback. Default is
        10000 (10 ms).

``-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend using OSS. This backend is available on most
    Unix-like systems.

    OSS specific options are:

    ``in|out.dev=device``
        Specify the file name of the OSS device to use. Default is
        ``/dev/dsp``.

    ``in|out.buffer-count=count``
        Sets the count of the buffers.

    ``in|out.try-poll=on|of``
        Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.

    ``try-mmap=on|off``
        Try using memory mapped device access. Default is off.

    ``exclusive=on|off``
        Open the device in exclusive mode (vmix won't work in this
        case). Default is off.

    ``dsp-policy=policy``
        Sets the timing policy (between 0 and 10, where smaller number
        means smaller latency but higher CPU usage). Use -1 to use
        buffer sizes specified by ``buffer`` and ``buffer-count``. This
        option is ignored if you do not have OSS 4. Default is 5.

``-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend using PulseAudio. This backend is available on
    most systems.

    PulseAudio specific options are:

    ``server=server``
        Sets the PulseAudio server to connect to.

    ``in|out.name=sink``
        Use the specified source/sink for recording/playback.

    ``in|out.latency=usecs``
        Desired latency in microseconds. The PulseAudio server will try
        to honor this value but actual latencies may be lower or higher.

``-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend using SDL. This backend is available on most
    systems, but you should use your platform's native backend if
    possible. This backend has no backend specific properties.

``-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend that sends audio through SPICE. This backend
    requires ``-spice`` and automatically selected in that case, so
    usually you can ignore this option. This backend has no backend
    specific properties.

``-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Creates a backend that writes audio to a WAV file.

    Backend specific options are:

    ``path=path``
        Write recorded audio into the specified file. Default is
        ``qemu.wav``.
ERST

DEF("soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw,
    "-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n"
    "                and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n"
    "                use '-soundhw help' to get the list of supported cards\n"
    "                use '-soundhw all' to enable all of them\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-soundhw card1[,card2,...] or -soundhw all``
    Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use 'help' to print all
    available sound hardware. For example:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img
        |qemu_system_x86| -soundhw es1370 disk.img
        |qemu_system_x86| -soundhw ac97 disk.img
        |qemu_system_x86| -soundhw hda disk.img
        |qemu_system_x86| -soundhw all disk.img
        |qemu_system_x86| -soundhw help

    Note that Linux's i810\_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might
    require manually specifying clocking.

    ::

        modprobe i810_audio clocking=48000
ERST

DEF("device", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_device,
    "-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
    "                add device (based on driver)\n"
    "                prop=value,... sets driver properties\n"
    "                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers\n"
    "                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Add device driver. prop=value sets driver properties. Valid
    properties depend on the driver. To get help on possible drivers and
    properties, use ``-device help`` and ``-device driver,help``.

    Some drivers are:

``-device ipmi-bmc-sim,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
    Add an IPMI BMC. This is a simulation of a hardware management
    interface processor that normally sits on a system. It provides a
    watchdog and the ability to reset and power control the system. You
    need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it useful

    The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. This
    address is the BMC's address on the I2C network of management
    controllers. If you don't know what this means, it is safe to ignore
    it.

    ``id=id``
        The BMC id for interfaces to use this device.

    ``slave_addr=val``
        Define slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20.

    ``sdrfile=file``
        file containing raw Sensor Data Records (SDR) data. The default
        is none.

    ``fruareasize=val``
        size of a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) area. The default is
        1024.

    ``frudatafile=file``
        file containing raw Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) inventory data.
        The default is none.

    ``guid=uuid``
        value for the GUID for the BMC, in standard UUID format. If this
        is set, get "Get GUID" command to the BMC will return it.
        Otherwise "Get GUID" will return an error.

``-device ipmi-bmc-extern,id=id,chardev=id[,slave_addr=val]``
    Add a connection to an external IPMI BMC simulator. Instead of
    locally emulating the BMC like the above item, instead connect to an
    external entity that provides the IPMI services.

    A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. If you do this,
    it is strongly recommended that you use the "reconnect=" chardev
    option to reconnect to the simulator if the connection is lost. Note
    that if this is not used carefully, it can be a security issue, as
    the interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and power off
    the VM. It's best if QEMU makes a connection to an external
    simulator running on a secure port on localhost, so neither the
    simulator nor QEMU is exposed to any outside network.

    See the "lanserv/README.vm" file in the OpenIPMI library for more
    details on the external interface.

``-device isa-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]``
    Add a KCS IPMI interafce on the ISA bus. This also adds a
    corresponding ACPI and SMBIOS entries, if appropriate.

    ``bmc=id``
        The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern
        above.

    ``ioport=val``
        Define the I/O address of the interface. The default is 0xca0
        for KCS.

    ``irq=val``
        Define the interrupt to use. The default is 5. To disable
        interrupts, set this to 0.

``-device isa-ipmi-bt,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]``
    Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface. The default port
    is 0xe4 and the default interrupt is 5.

``-device pci-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id``
    Add a KCS IPMI interafce on the PCI bus.

    ``bmc=id``
        The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above.

``-device pci-ipmi-bt,bmc=id``
    Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface on the PCI bus.
ERST

DEF("name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name,
    "-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]\n"
    "                set the name of the guest\n"
    "                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name\n"
    "                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name\n"
    "                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-name name``
    Sets the name of the guest. This name will be displayed in the SDL
    window caption. The name will also be used for the VNC server. Also
    optionally set the top visible process name in Linux. Naming of
    individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to aid debugging.
ERST

DEF("uuid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_uuid,
    "-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x\n"
    "                specify machine UUID\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-uuid uuid``
    Set system UUID.
ERST

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Block device options:)

DEF("fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda,
    "-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-fda file``
  \
``-fdb file``
    Use file as floppy disk 0/1 image (see
    :ref:`disk_005fimages`).
ERST

DEF("hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda,
    "-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc,
    "-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-hda file``
  \
``-hdb file``
  \ 
``-hdc file``
  \ 
``-hdd file``
    Use file as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (see
    :ref:`disk_005fimages`).
ERST

DEF("cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom,
    "-cdrom file     use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-cdrom file``
    Use file as CD-ROM image (you cannot use ``-hdc`` and ``-cdrom`` at
    the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by using ``/dev/cdrom``
    as filename.
ERST

DEF("blockdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_blockdev,
    "-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]\n"
    "          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]\n"
    "          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]\n"
    "          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n"
    "          [,driver specific parameters...]\n"
    "                configure a block backend\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-blockdev option[,option[,option[,...]]]``
    Define a new block driver node. Some of the options apply to all
    block drivers, other options are only accepted for a specific block
    driver. See below for a list of generic options and options for the
    most common block drivers.

    Options that expect a reference to another node (e.g. ``file``) can
    be given in two ways. Either you specify the node name of an already
    existing node (file=node-name), or you define a new node inline,
    adding options for the referenced node after a dot
    (file.filename=path,file.aio=native).

    A block driver node created with ``-blockdev`` can be used for a
    guest device by specifying its node name for the ``drive`` property
    in a ``-device`` argument that defines a block device.

    ``Valid options for any block driver node:``
        ``driver``
            Specifies the block driver to use for the given node.

        ``node-name``
            This defines the name of the block driver node by which it
            will be referenced later. The name must be unique, i.e. it
            must not match the name of a different block driver node, or
            (if you use ``-drive`` as well) the ID of a drive.

            If no node name is specified, it is automatically generated.
            The generated node name is not intended to be predictable
            and changes between QEMU invocations. For the top level, an
            explicit node name must be specified.

        ``read-only``
            Open the node read-only. Guest write attempts will fail.

            Note that some block drivers support only read-only access,
            either generally or in certain configurations. In this case,
            the default value ``read-only=off`` does not work and the
            option must be specified explicitly.

        ``auto-read-only``
            If ``auto-read-only=on`` is set, QEMU may fall back to
            read-only usage even when ``read-only=off`` is requested, or
            even switch between modes as needed, e.g. depending on
            whether the image file is writable or whether a writing user
            is attached to the node.

        ``force-share``
            Override the image locking system of QEMU by forcing the
            node to utilize weaker shared access for permissions where
            it would normally request exclusive access. When there is
            the potential for multiple instances to have the same file
            open (whether this invocation of QEMU is the first or the
            second instance), both instances must permit shared access
            for the second instance to succeed at opening the file.

            Enabling ``force-share=on`` requires ``read-only=on``.

        ``cache.direct``
            The host page cache can be avoided with ``cache.direct=on``.
            This will attempt to do disk IO directly to the guest's
            memory. QEMU may still perform an internal copy of the data.

        ``cache.no-flush``
            In case you don't care about data integrity over host
            failures, you can use ``cache.no-flush=on``. This option
            tells QEMU that it never needs to write any data to the disk
            but can instead keep things in cache. If anything goes
            wrong, like your host losing power, the disk storage getting
            disconnected accidentally, etc. your image will most
            probably be rendered unusable.

        ``discard=discard``
            discard is one of "ignore" (or "off") or "unmap" (or "on")
            and controls whether ``discard`` (also known as ``trim`` or
            ``unmap``) requests are ignored or passed to the filesystem.
            Some machine types may not support discard requests.

        ``detect-zeroes=detect-zeroes``
            detect-zeroes is "off", "on" or "unmap" and enables the
            automatic conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to
            driver specific optimized zero write commands. You may even
            choose "unmap" if discard is set to "unmap" to allow a zero
            write to be converted to an ``unmap`` operation.

    ``Driver-specific options for file``
        This is the protocol-level block driver for accessing regular
        files.

        ``filename``
            The path to the image file in the local filesystem

        ``aio``
            Specifies the AIO backend (threads/native/io_uring,
            default: threads)

        ``locking``
            Specifies whether the image file is protected with Linux OFD
            / POSIX locks. The default is to use the Linux Open File
            Descriptor API if available, otherwise no lock is applied.
            (auto/on/off, default: auto)

        Example:

        ::

            -blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk,filename=disk.img

    ``Driver-specific options for raw``
        This is the image format block driver for raw images. It is
        usually stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as
        ``file``.

        ``file``
            Reference to or definition of the data source block driver
            node (e.g. a ``file`` driver node)

        Example 1:

        ::

            -blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk_file,filename=disk.img
            -blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file=disk_file

        Example 2:

        ::

            -blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file.driver=file,file.filename=disk.img

    ``Driver-specific options for qcow2``
        This is the image format block driver for qcow2 images. It is
        usually stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as
        ``file``.

        ``file``
            Reference to or definition of the data source block driver
            node (e.g. a ``file`` driver node)

        ``backing``
            Reference to or definition of the backing file block device
            (default is taken from the image file). It is allowed to
            pass ``null`` here in order to disable the default backing
            file.

        ``lazy-refcounts``
            Whether to enable the lazy refcounts feature (on/off;
            default is taken from the image file)

        ``cache-size``
            The maximum total size of the L2 table and refcount block
            caches in bytes (default: the sum of l2-cache-size and
            refcount-cache-size)

        ``l2-cache-size``
            The maximum size of the L2 table cache in bytes (default: if
            cache-size is not specified - 32M on Linux platforms, and 8M
            on non-Linux platforms; otherwise, as large as possible
            within the cache-size, while permitting the requested or the
            minimal refcount cache size)

        ``refcount-cache-size``
            The maximum size of the refcount block cache in bytes
            (default: 4 times the cluster size; or if cache-size is
            specified, the part of it which is not used for the L2
            cache)

        ``cache-clean-interval``
            Clean unused entries in the L2 and refcount caches. The
            interval is in seconds. The default value is 600 on
            supporting platforms, and 0 on other platforms. Setting it
            to 0 disables this feature.

        ``pass-discard-request``
            Whether discard requests to the qcow2 device should be
            forwarded to the data source (on/off; default: on if
            discard=unmap is specified, off otherwise)

        ``pass-discard-snapshot``
            Whether discard requests for the data source should be
            issued when a snapshot operation (e.g. deleting a snapshot)
            frees clusters in the qcow2 file (on/off; default: on)

        ``pass-discard-other``
            Whether discard requests for the data source should be
            issued on other occasions where a cluster gets freed
            (on/off; default: off)

        ``overlap-check``
            Which overlap checks to perform for writes to the image
            (none/constant/cached/all; default: cached). For details or
            finer granularity control refer to the QAPI documentation of
            ``blockdev-add``.

        Example 1:

        ::

            -blockdev driver=file,node-name=my_file,filename=/tmp/disk.qcow2
            -blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=hda,file=my_file,overlap-check=none,cache-size=16777216

        Example 2:

        ::

            -blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=disk,file.driver=http,file.filename=http://example.com/image.qcow2

    ``Driver-specific options for other drivers``
        Please refer to the QAPI documentation of the ``blockdev-add``
        QMP command.
ERST

DEF("drive", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_drive,
    "-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]\n"
    "       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]\n"
    "       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]\n"
    "       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]\n"
    "       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]\n"
    "       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]\n"
    "       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n"
    "       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]\n"
    "       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]\n"
    "       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]\n"
    "       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]\n"
    "       [[,iops_size=is]]\n"
    "       [[,group=g]]\n"
    "                use 'file' as a drive image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-drive option[,option[,option[,...]]]``
    Define a new drive. This includes creating a block driver node (the
    backend) as well as a guest device, and is mostly a shortcut for
    defining the corresponding ``-blockdev`` and ``-device`` options.

    ``-drive`` accepts all options that are accepted by ``-blockdev``.
    In addition, it knows the following options:

    ``file=file``
        This option defines which disk image (see
        :ref:`disk_005fimages`) to use with this drive. If
        the filename contains comma, you must double it (for instance,
        "file=my,,file" to use file "my,file").

        Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using
        protocol specific URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax"
        for more information.

    ``if=interface``
        This option defines on which type on interface the drive is
        connected. Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy,
        pflash, virtio, none.

    ``bus=bus,unit=unit``
        These options define where is connected the drive by defining
        the bus number and the unit id.

    ``index=index``
        This option defines where is connected the drive by using an
        index in the list of available connectors of a given interface
        type.

    ``media=media``
        This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom.

    ``snapshot=snapshot``
        snapshot is "on" or "off" and controls snapshot mode for the
        given drive (see ``-snapshot``).

    ``cache=cache``
        cache is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or
        "writethrough" and controls how the host cache is used to access
        block data. This is a shortcut that sets the ``cache.direct``
        and ``cache.no-flush`` options (as in ``-blockdev``), and
        additionally ``cache.writeback``, which provides a default for
        the ``write-cache`` option of block guest devices (as in
        ``-device``). The modes correspond to the following settings:

        =============  ===============   ============   ==============
        \              cache.writeback   cache.direct   cache.no-flush
        =============  ===============   ============   ==============
        writeback      on                off            off
        none           on                on             off
        writethrough   off               off            off
        directsync     off               on             off
        unsafe         on                off            on
        =============  ===============   ============   ==============

        The default mode is ``cache=writeback``.

    ``aio=aio``
        aio is "threads", "native", or "io_uring" and selects between pthread
        based disk I/O, native Linux AIO, or Linux io_uring API.

    ``format=format``
        Specify which disk format will be used rather than detecting the
        format. Can be used to specify format=raw to avoid interpreting
        an untrusted format header.

    ``werror=action,rerror=action``
        Specify which action to take on write and read errors. Valid
        actions are: "ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue),
        "stop" (pause QEMU), "report" (report the error to the guest),
        "enospc" (pause QEMU only if the host disk is full; report the
        error to the guest otherwise). The default setting is
        ``werror=enospc`` and ``rerror=report``.

    ``copy-on-read=copy-on-read``
        copy-on-read is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read
        backing file sectors into the image file.

    ``bps=b,bps_rd=r,bps_wr=w``
        Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either
        for all request types or for reads or writes only. Small values
        can lead to timeouts or hangs inside the guest. A safe minimum
        for disks is 2 MB/s.

    ``bps_max=bm,bps_rd_max=rm,bps_wr_max=wm``
        Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types
        or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike
        above the limit temporarily.

    ``iops=i,iops_rd=r,iops_wr=w``
        Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for
        all request types or for reads or writes only.

    ``iops_max=bm,iops_rd_max=rm,iops_wr_max=wm``
        Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request
        types or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to
        spike above the limit temporarily.

    ``iops_size=is``
        Let every is bytes of a request count as a new request for iops
        throttling purposes. Use this option to prevent guests from
        circumventing iops limits by sending fewer but larger requests.

    ``group=g``
        Join a throttling quota group with given name g. All drives that
        are members of the same group are accounted for together. Use
        this option to prevent guests from circumventing throttling
        limits by using many small disks instead of a single larger
        disk.

    By default, the ``cache.writeback=on`` mode is used. It will report
    data writes as completed as soon as the data is present in the host
    page cache. This is safe as long as your guest OS makes sure to
    correctly flush disk caches where needed. If your guest OS does not
    handle volatile disk write caches correctly and your host crashes or
    loses power, then the guest may experience data corruption.

    For such guests, you should consider using ``cache.writeback=off``.
    This means that the host page cache will be used to read and write
    data, but write notification will be sent to the guest only after
    QEMU has made sure to flush each write to the disk. Be aware that
    this has a major impact on performance.

    When using the ``-snapshot`` option, unsafe caching is always used.

    Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors
    repeatedly and is useful when the backing file is over a slow
    network. By default copy-on-read is off.

    Instead of ``-cdrom`` you can use:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom

    Instead of ``-hda``, ``-hdb``, ``-hdc``, ``-hdd``, you can use:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk
        |qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk
        |qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk
        |qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk

    You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd
    set:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| \\
         -add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \\
         -add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \\
         -drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk

    You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom

    If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty
    drive:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom

    Instead of ``-fda``, ``-fdb``, you can use:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy
        |qemu_system_x86| -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy

    By default, interface is "ide" and index is automatically
    incremented:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -drive file=a -drive file=b"

    is interpreted like:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system_x86| -hda a -hdb b
ERST

DEF("mtdblock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock,
    "-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mtdblock file``
    Use file as on-board Flash memory image.
ERST

DEF("sd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sd,
    "-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-sd file``
    Use file as SecureDigital card image.
ERST

DEF("pflash", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pflash,
    "-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-pflash file``
    Use file as a parallel flash image.
ERST

DEF("snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot,
    "-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-snapshot``
    Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case,
    the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however
    force the write back by pressing C-a s (see
    :ref:`disk_005fimages`).
ERST

DEF("fsdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fsdev,
    "-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none\n"
    " [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]\n"
    " [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]\n"
    " [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]\n"
    " [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]\n"
    " [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]\n"
    " [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]\n"
    "-fsdev proxy,id=id,socket=socket[,writeout=immediate][,readonly]\n"
    "-fsdev proxy,id=id,sock_fd=sock_fd[,writeout=immediate][,readonly]\n"
    "-fsdev synth,id=id\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

SRST
``-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=security_model [,writeout=writeout][,readonly][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode] [,throttling.option=value[,throttling.option=value[,...]]]``
  \ 
``-fsdev proxy,id=id,socket=socket[,writeout=writeout][,readonly]``
  \
``-fsdev proxy,id=id,sock_fd=sock_fd[,writeout=writeout][,readonly]``
  \
``-fsdev synth,id=id[,readonly]``
    Define a new file system device. Valid options are:

    ``local``
        Accesses to the filesystem are done by QEMU.

    ``proxy``
        Accesses to the filesystem are done by virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

    ``synth``
        Synthetic filesystem, only used by QTests.

    ``id=id``
        Specifies identifier for this device.

    ``path=path``
        Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files
        under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.

    ``security_model=security_model``
        Specifies the security model to be used for this export path.
        Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr",
        "mapped-file" and "none". In "passthrough" security model, files
        are stored using the same credentials as they are created on the
        guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In "mapped-xattr"
        security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid, mode
        bits and link target are stored as file attributes. For
        "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the hidden
        .virtfs\_metadata directory. Directories exported by this
        security model cannot interact with other unix tools. "none"
        security model is same as passthrough except the sever won't
        report failures if it fails to set file attributes like
        ownership. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver.
        Other fsdrivers (like proxy) don't take security model as a
        parameter.

    ``writeout=writeout``
        This is an optional argument. The only supported value is
        "immediate". This means that host page cache will be used to
        read and write data but write notification will be sent to the
        guest only when the data has been reported as written by the
        storage subsystem.

    ``readonly``
        Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By
        default read-write access is given.

    ``socket=socket``
        Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for
        communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

    ``sock_fd=sock_fd``
        Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket descriptor
        for communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper(1). Usually a helper
        like libvirt will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as
        sock\_fd.

    ``fmode=fmode``
        Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host.
        Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
        "mapped-file".

    ``dmode=dmode``
        Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the
        host. Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
        "mapped-file".

    ``throttling.bps-total=b,throttling.bps-read=r,throttling.bps-write=w``
        Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either
        for all request types or for reads or writes only.

    ``throttling.bps-total-max=bm,bps-read-max=rm,bps-write-max=wm``
        Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types
        or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike
        above the limit temporarily.

    ``throttling.iops-total=i,throttling.iops-read=r, throttling.iops-write=w``
        Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for
        all request types or for reads or writes only.

    ``throttling.iops-total-max=im,throttling.iops-read-max=irm, throttling.iops-write-max=iwm``
        Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request
        types or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to
        spike above the limit temporarily.

    ``throttling.iops-size=is``
        Let every is bytes of a request count as a new request for iops
        throttling purposes.

    -fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-...".

``-device virtio-9p-type,fsdev=id,mount_tag=mount_tag``
    Options for virtio-9p-... driver are:

    ``type``
        Specifies the variant to be used. Supported values are "pci",
        "ccw" or "device", depending on the machine type.

    ``fsdev=id``
        Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option.

    ``mount_tag=mount_tag``
        Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this
        export point.
ERST

DEF("virtfs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs,
    "-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none\n"
    "        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]\n"
    "-virtfs proxy,mount_tag=tag,socket=socket[,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly]\n"
    "-virtfs proxy,mount_tag=tag,sock_fd=sock_fd[,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly]\n"
    "-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly]\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

SRST
``-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=mount_tag ,security_model=security_model[,writeout=writeout][,readonly] [,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=multidevs]``
  \ 
``-virtfs proxy,socket=socket,mount_tag=mount_tag [,writeout=writeout][,readonly]``
  \ 
``-virtfs proxy,sock_fd=sock_fd,mount_tag=mount_tag [,writeout=writeout][,readonly]``
  \
``-virtfs synth,mount_tag=mount_tag``
    Define a new virtual filesystem device and expose it to the guest using
    a virtio-9p-device (a.k.a. 9pfs), which essentially means that a certain
    directory on host is made directly accessible by guest as a pass-through
    file system by using the 9P network protocol for communication between
    host and guests, if desired even accessible, shared by several guests
    simultaniously.

    Note that ``-virtfs`` is actually just a convenience shortcut for its
    generalized form ``-fsdev -device virtio-9p-pci``.

    The general form of pass-through file system options are:

    ``local``
        Accesses to the filesystem are done by QEMU.

    ``proxy``
        Accesses to the filesystem are done by virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

    ``synth``
        Synthetic filesystem, only used by QTests.

    ``id=id``
        Specifies identifier for the filesystem device

    ``path=path``
        Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files
        under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.

    ``security_model=security_model``
        Specifies the security model to be used for this export path.
        Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr",
        "mapped-file" and "none". In "passthrough" security model, files
        are stored using the same credentials as they are created on the
        guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In "mapped-xattr"
        security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid, mode
        bits and link target are stored as file attributes. For
        "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the hidden
        .virtfs\_metadata directory. Directories exported by this
        security model cannot interact with other unix tools. "none"
        security model is same as passthrough except the sever won't
        report failures if it fails to set file attributes like
        ownership. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver.
        Other fsdrivers (like proxy) don't take security model as a
        parameter.

    ``writeout=writeout``
        This is an optional argument. The only supported value is
        "immediate". This means that host page cache will be used to
        read and write data but write notification will be sent to the
        guest only when the data has been reported as written by the
        storage subsystem.

    ``readonly``
        Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By
        default read-write access is given.

    ``socket=socket``
        Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for
        communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper(1). Usually a helper like
        libvirt will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as
        sock\_fd.

    ``sock_fd``
        Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed 'sock\_fd' as the
        socket descriptor for interfacing with virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

    ``fmode=fmode``
        Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host.
        Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
        "mapped-file".

    ``dmode=dmode``
        Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the
        host. Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
        "mapped-file".

    ``mount_tag=mount_tag``
        Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this
        export point.

    ``multidevs=multidevs``
        Specifies how to deal with multiple devices being shared with a
        9p export. Supported behaviours are either "remap", "forbid" or
        "warn". The latter is the default behaviour on which virtfs 9p
        expects only one device to be shared with the same export, and
        if more than one device is shared and accessed via the same 9p
        export then only a warning message is logged (once) by qemu on
        host side. In order to avoid file ID collisions on guest you
        should either create a separate virtfs export for each device to
        be shared with guests (recommended way) or you might use "remap"
        instead which allows you to share multiple devices with only one
        export instead, which is achieved by remapping the original
        inode numbers from host to guest in a way that would prevent
        such collisions. Remapping inodes in such use cases is required
        because the original device IDs from host are never passed and
        exposed on guest. Instead all files of an export shared with
        virtfs always share the same device id on guest. So two files
        with identical inode numbers but from actually different devices
        on host would otherwise cause a file ID collision and hence
        potential misbehaviours on guest. "forbid" on the other hand
        assumes like "warn" that only one device is shared by the same
        export, however it will not only log a warning message but also
        deny access to additional devices on guest. Note though that
        "forbid" does currently not block all possible file access
        operations (e.g. readdir() would still return entries from other
        devices).
ERST

DEF("iscsi", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_iscsi,
    "-iscsi [user=user][,password=password]\n"
    "       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE\n"
    "       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]\n"
    "       [,timeout=timeout]\n"
    "                iSCSI session parameters\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

SRST
``-iscsi``
    Configure iSCSI session parameters.
ERST

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(USB options:)

DEF("usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb,
    "-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-usb``
    Enable USB emulation on machine types with an on-board USB host
    controller (if not enabled by default). Note that on-board USB host
    controllers may not support USB 3.0. In this case
    ``-device qemu-xhci`` can be used instead on machines with PCI.
ERST

DEF("usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice,
    "-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-usbdevice devname``
    Add the USB device devname. Note that this option is deprecated,
    please use ``-device usb-...`` instead. See
    :ref:`usb_005fdevices`.

    ``mouse``
        Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when
        activated.

    ``tablet``
        Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a
        touchscreen). This means QEMU is able to report the mouse
        position without having to grab the mouse. Also overrides the
        PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.

    ``braille``
        Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille
        output on a real or fake device.
ERST

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Display options:)

DEF("display", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_display,
#if defined(CONFIG_SPICE)
    "-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_SDL)
    "-display sdl[,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]\n"
    "            [,window_close=on|off][,gl=on|core|es|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_GTK)
    "-display gtk[,grab_on_hover=on|off][,gl=on|off]|\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_VNC)
    "-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_CURSES)
    "-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_OPENGL)
    "-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]\n"
#endif
    "-display none\n"
    "                select display backend type\n"
    "                The default display is equivalent to\n                "
#if defined(CONFIG_GTK)
            "\"-display gtk\"\n"
#elif defined(CONFIG_SDL)
            "\"-display sdl\"\n"
#elif defined(CONFIG_COCOA)
            "\"-display cocoa\"\n"
#elif defined(CONFIG_VNC)
            "\"-vnc localhost:0,to=99,id=default\"\n"
#else
            "\"-display none\"\n"
#endif
    , QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-display type``
    Select type of display to use. This option is a replacement for the
    old style -sdl/-curses/... options. Use ``-display help`` to list
    the available display types. Valid values for type are

    ``sdl``
        Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics
        window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities).

    ``curses``
        Display video output via curses. For graphics device models
        which support a text mode, QEMU can display this output using a
        curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed when the graphics
        device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not
        support a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models
        support text mode. The font charset used by the guest can be
        specified with the ``charset`` option, for example
        ``charset=CP850`` for IBM CP850 encoding. The default is
        ``CP437``.

    ``none``
        Do not display video output. The guest will still see an
        emulated graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to
        the QEMU user. This option differs from the -nographic option in
        that it only affects what is done with video output; -nographic
        also changes the destination of the serial and parallel port
        data.

    ``gtk``
        Display video output in a GTK window. This interface provides
        drop-down menus and other UI elements to configure and control
        the VM during runtime.

    ``vnc``
        Start a VNC server on display <arg>

    ``egl-headless``
        Offload all OpenGL operations to a local DRI device. For any
        graphical display, this display needs to be paired with either
        VNC or SPICE displays.

    ``spice-app``
        Start QEMU as a Spice server and launch the default Spice client
        application. The Spice server will redirect the serial consoles
        and QEMU monitors. (Since 4.0)
ERST

DEF("nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic,
    "-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-nographic``
    Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it
    displays output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU
    monitor in a window. With this option, you can totally disable
    graphical output so that QEMU is a simple command line application.
    The emulated serial port is redirected on the console and muxed with
    the monitor (unless redirected elsewhere explicitly). Therefore, you
    can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel with a serial console.
    Use C-a h for help on switching between the console and monitor.
ERST

DEF("curses", 0, QEMU_OPTION_curses,
    "-curses         shorthand for -display curses\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-curses``
    Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it
    displays output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU
    monitor in a window. With this option, QEMU can display the VGA
    output when in text mode using a curses/ncurses interface. Nothing
    is displayed in graphical mode.
ERST

DEF("alt-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab,
    "-alt-grab       use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-alt-grab``
    Use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that
    this also affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode
    switching, etc).
ERST

DEF("ctrl-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_ctrl_grab,
    "-ctrl-grab      use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-ctrl-grab``
    Use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this
    also affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode
    switching, etc).
ERST

DEF("no-quit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_quit,
    "-no-quit        disable SDL window close capability\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-no-quit``
    Disable SDL window close capability.
ERST

DEF("sdl", 0, QEMU_OPTION_sdl,
    "-sdl            shorthand for -display sdl\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-sdl``
    Enable SDL.
ERST

DEF("spice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_spice,
    "-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]\n"
    "       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]\n"
    "       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]\n"
    "       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr][,ipv4|ipv6|unix]\n"
    "       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]\n"
    "       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n"
    "       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n"
    "       [,sasl][,password=<secret>][,disable-ticketing]\n"
    "       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]\n"
    "       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n"
    "       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n"
    "       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste]\n"
    "       [,disable-agent-file-xfer][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]\n"
    "       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]\n"
    "       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]\n"
    "   enable spice\n"
    "   at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-spice option[,option[,...]]``
    Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are

    ``port=<nr>``
        Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels.

    ``addr=<addr>``
        Set the IP address spice is listening on. Default is any
        address.

    ``ipv4``; \ ``ipv6``; \ ``unix``
        Force using the specified IP version.

    ``password=<secret>``
        Set the password you need to authenticate.

    ``sasl``
        Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice.
        The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled
        from the system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu'
        service. This is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If
        running QEMU as an unprivileged user, an environment variable
        SASL\_CONF\_PATH can be used to make it search alternate
        locations for the service config. While some SASL auth methods
        can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), it is recommended
        that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and 'x509' settings
        to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This ensures a
        data encryption preventing compromise of authentication
        credentials.

    ``disable-ticketing``
        Allow client connects without authentication.

    ``disable-copy-paste``
        Disable copy paste between the client and the guest.

    ``disable-agent-file-xfer``
        Disable spice-vdagent based file-xfer between the client and the
        guest.

    ``tls-port=<nr>``
        Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels.

    ``x509-dir=<dir>``
        Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc
        $display,x509=$dir

    ``x509-key-file=<file>``; \ ``x509-key-password=<file>``; \ ``x509-cert-file=<file>``; \ ``x509-cacert-file=<file>``; \ ``x509-dh-key-file=<file>``
        The x509 file names can also be configured individually.

    ``tls-ciphers=<list>``
        Specify which ciphers to use.

    ``tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]``; \ ``plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]``
        Force specific channel to be used with or without TLS
        encryption. The options can be specified multiple times to
        configure multiple channels. The special name "default" can be
        used to set the default mode. For channels which are not
        explicitly forced into one mode the spice client is allowed to
        pick tls/plaintext as he pleases.

    ``image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]``
        Configure image compression (lossless). Default is auto\_glz.

    ``jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]``; \ ``zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]``
        Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links). Default
        is auto.

    ``streaming-video=[off|all|filter]``
        Configure video stream detection. Default is off.

    ``agent-mouse=[on|off]``
        Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent. Default is on.

    ``playback-compression=[on|off]``
        Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1).
        Default is on.

    ``seamless-migration=[on|off]``
        Enable/disable spice seamless migration. Default is off.

    ``gl=[on|off]``
        Enable/disable OpenGL context. Default is off.

    ``rendernode=<file>``
        DRM render node for OpenGL rendering. If not specified, it will
        pick the first available. (Since 2.9)
ERST

DEF("portrait", 0, QEMU_OPTION_portrait,
    "-portrait       rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-portrait``
    Rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD).
ERST

DEF("rotate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_rotate,
    "-rotate <deg>   rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-rotate deg``
    Rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD).
ERST

DEF("vga", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vga,
    "-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]\n"
    "                select video card type\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-vga type``
    Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for type are

    ``cirrus``
        Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting
        from Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For
        optimal performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and
        the host OS. (This card was the default before QEMU 2.2)

    ``std``
        Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions. If your guest OS
        supports the VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if
        you want to use high resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you
        should use this option. (This card is the default since QEMU
        2.2)

    ``vmware``
        VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have
        sufficiently recent XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a
        driver for this card.

    ``qxl``
        QXL paravirtual graphic card. It is VGA compatible (including
        VESA 2.0 VBE support). Works best with qxl guest drivers
        installed though. Recommended choice when using the spice
        protocol.

    ``tcx``
        (sun4m only) Sun TCX framebuffer. This is the default
        framebuffer for sun4m machines and offers both 8-bit and 24-bit
        colour depths at a fixed resolution of 1024x768.

    ``cg3``
        (sun4m only) Sun cgthree framebuffer. This is a simple 8-bit
        framebuffer for sun4m machines available in both 1024x768
        (OpenBIOS) and 1152x900 (OBP) resolutions aimed at people
        wishing to run older Solaris versions.

    ``virtio``
        Virtio VGA card.

    ``none``
        Disable VGA card.
ERST

DEF("full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen,
    "-full-screen    start in full screen\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-full-screen``
    Start in full screen.
ERST

DEF("g", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_g ,
    "-g WxH[xDEPTH]  Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC | QEMU_ARCH_M68K)
SRST
``-g`` *width*\ ``x``\ *height*\ ``[x``\ *depth*\ ``]``
    Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only).

    For PPC the default is 800x600x32.

    For SPARC with the TCX graphics device, the default is 1024x768x8
    with the option of 1024x768x24. For cgthree, the default is
    1024x768x8 with the option of 1152x900x8 for people who wish to use
    OBP.
ERST

DEF("vnc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vnc ,
    "-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-vnc display[,option[,option[,...]]]``
    Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it
    displays output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU
    monitor in a window. With this option, you can have QEMU listen on
    VNC display display and redirect the VGA display over the VNC
    session. It is very useful to enable the usb tablet device when
    using this option (option ``-device usb-tablet``). When using the
    VNC display, you must use the ``-k`` parameter to set the keyboard
    layout if you are not using en-us. Valid syntax for the display is

    ``to=L``
        With this option, QEMU will try next available VNC displays,
        until the number L, if the origianlly defined "-vnc display" is
        not available, e.g. port 5900+display is already used by another
        application. By default, to=0.

    ``host:d``
        TCP connections will only be allowed from host on display d. By
        convention the TCP port is 5900+d. Optionally, host can be
        omitted in which case the server will accept connections from
        any host.

    ``unix:path``
        Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where path
        is the location of a unix socket to listen for connections on.

    ``none``
        VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor ``change``
        command can be used to later start the VNC server.

    Following the display value there may be one or more option flags
    separated by commas. Valid options are

    ``reverse``
        Connect to a listening VNC client via a "reverse" connection.
        The client is specified by the display. For reverse network
        connections (host:d,``reverse``), the d argument is a TCP port
        number, not a display number.

    ``websocket``
        Opens an additional TCP listening port dedicated to VNC
        Websocket connections. If a bare websocket option is given, the
        Websocket port is 5700+display. An alternative port can be
        specified with the syntax ``websocket``\ =port.

        If host is specified connections will only be allowed from this
        host. It is possible to control the websocket listen address
        independently, using the syntax ``websocket``\ =host:port.

        If no TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection
        runs in unencrypted mode. If TLS credentials are provided, the
        websocket connection requires encrypted client connections.

    ``password``
        Require that password based authentication is used for client
        connections.

        The password must be set separately using the ``set_password``
        command in the :ref:`pcsys_005fmonitor`. The
        syntax to change your password is:
        ``set_password <protocol> <password>`` where <protocol> could be
        either "vnc" or "spice".

        If you would like to change <protocol> password expiration, you
        should use ``expire_password <protocol> <expiration-time>``
        where expiration time could be one of the following options:
        now, never, +seconds or UNIX time of expiration, e.g. +60 to
        make password expire in 60 seconds, or 1335196800 to make
        password expire on "Mon Apr 23 12:00:00 EDT 2012" (UNIX time for
        this date and time).

        You can also use keywords "now" or "never" for the expiration
        time to allow <protocol> password to expire immediately or never
        expire.

    ``tls-creds=ID``
        Provides the ID of a set of TLS credentials to use to secure the
        VNC server. They will apply to both the normal VNC server socket
        and the websocket socket (if enabled). Setting TLS credentials
        will cause the VNC server socket to enable the VeNCrypt auth
        mechanism. The credentials should have been previously created
        using the ``-object tls-creds`` argument.

    ``tls-authz=ID``
        Provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which
        the client's x509 distinguished name will validated. This object
        is only resolved at time of use, so can be deleted and recreated
        on the fly while the VNC server is active. If missing, it will
        default to denying access.

    ``sasl``
        Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC
        server. The exact choice of authentication method used is
        controlled from the system / user's SASL configuration file for
        the 'qemu' service. This is typically found in
        /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an unprivileged user,
        an environment variable SASL\_CONF\_PATH can be used to make it
        search alternate locations for the service config. While some
        SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI),
        it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls'
        and 'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server
        certificates. This ensures a data encryption preventing
        compromise of authentication credentials. See the
        :ref:`vnc_005fsecurity` section for details on
        using SASL authentication.

    ``sasl-authz=ID``
        Provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which
        the client's SASL username will validated. This object is only
        resolved at time of use, so can be deleted and recreated on the
        fly while the VNC server is active. If missing, it will default
        to denying access.

    ``acl``
        Legacy method for enabling authorization of clients against the
        x509 distinguished name and SASL username. It results in the
        creation of two ``authz-list`` objects with IDs of
        ``vnc.username`` and ``vnc.x509dname``. The rules for these
        objects must be configured with the HMP ACL commands.

        This option is deprecated and should no longer be used. The new
        ``sasl-authz`` and ``tls-authz`` options are a replacement.

    ``lossy``
        Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this
        option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates
        depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can
        save a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality.

    ``non-adaptive``
        Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by
        default. An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently
        updated screen regions, and send updates in these regions using
        a lossy encoding (like JPEG). This can be really helpful to save
        bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling adaptive encodings
        restores the original static behavior of encodings like Tight.

    ``share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore]``
        Set display sharing policy. 'allow-exclusive' allows clients to
        ask for exclusive access. As suggested by the rfb spec this is
        implemented by dropping other connections. Connecting multiple
        clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared
        session (vncviewer: -shared switch). This is the default.
        'force-shared' disables exclusive client access. Useful for
        shared desktop sessions, where you don't want someone forgetting
        specify -shared disconnect everybody else. 'ignore' completely
        ignores the shared flag and allows everybody connect
        unconditionally. Doesn't conform to the rfb spec but is
        traditional QEMU behavior.

    ``key-delay-ms``
        Set keyboard delay, for key down and key up events, in
        milliseconds. Default is 10. Keyboards are low-bandwidth
        devices, so this slowdown can help the device and guest to keep
        up and not lose events in case events are arriving in bulk.
        Possible causes for the latter are flaky network connections, or
        scripts for automated testing.

    ``audiodev=audiodev``
        Use the specified audiodev when the VNC client requests audio
        transmission. When not using an -audiodev argument, this option
        must be omitted, otherwise is must be present and specify a
        valid audiodev.
ERST

ARCHHEADING(, QEMU_ARCH_I386)

ARCHHEADING(i386 target only:, QEMU_ARCH_I386)

DEF("win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack,
    "-win2k-hack     use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-win2k-hack``
    Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After
    Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this
    option slows down the IDE transfers).
ERST

DEF("no-fd-bootchk", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk,
    "-no-fd-bootchk  disable boot signature checking for floppy disks\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-no-fd-bootchk``
    Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in BIOS. May be
    needed to boot from old floppy disks.
ERST

DEF("no-acpi", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi,
           "-no-acpi        disable ACPI\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM)
SRST
``-no-acpi``
    Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support.
    Use it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target
    machine only).
ERST

DEF("no-hpet", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_hpet,
    "-no-hpet        disable HPET\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-no-hpet``
    Disable HPET support.
ERST

DEF("acpitable", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_acpitable,
    "-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n][,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,{data|file}=file1[:file2]...]\n"
    "                ACPI table description\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n] [,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,data=file1[:file2]...]``
    Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from
    specified files. For file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified
    files, including all ACPI headers (possible overridden by other
    options). For data=, only data portion of the table is used, all
    header information is specified in the command line. If a SLIC table
    is supplied to QEMU, then the SLIC's oem\_id and oem\_table\_id
    fields will override the same in the RSDT and the FADT (a.k.a.
    FACP), in order to ensure the field matches required by the
    Microsoft SLIC spec and the ACPI spec.
ERST

DEF("smbios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smbios,
    "-smbios file=binary\n"
    "                load SMBIOS entry from binary file\n"
    "-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]\n"
    "              [,uefi=on|off]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields\n"
    "-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"
    "              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields\n"
    "-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"
    "              [,asset=str][,location=str]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields\n"
    "-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]\n"
    "              [,sku=str]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields\n"
    "-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"
    "              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields\n"
    "-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields\n"
    "-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]\n"
    "               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]\n"
    "                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM)
SRST
``-smbios file=binary``
    Load SMBIOS entry from binary file.

``-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d][,uefi=on|off]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields

``-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields

``-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,location=str]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 2 fields

``-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,sku=str]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 3 fields

``-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,part=str]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 4 fields

``-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 11 fields

    This argument can be repeated multiple times, and values are added in the order they are parsed.
    Applications intending to use OEM strings data are encouraged to use their application name as
    a prefix for the value string. This facilitates passing information for multiple applications
    concurrently.

    The ``value=str`` syntax provides the string data inline, while the ``path=filename`` syntax
    loads data from a file on disk. Note that the file is not permitted to contain any NUL bytes.

    Both the ``value`` and ``path`` options can be repeated multiple times and will be added to
    the SMBIOS table in the order in which they appear.

    Note that on the x86 architecture, the total size of all SMBIOS tables is limited to 65535
    bytes. Thus the OEM strings data is not suitable for passing large amounts of data into the
    guest. Instead it should be used as a indicator to inform the guest where to locate the real
    data set, for example, by specifying the serial ID of a block device.

    An example passing three strings is

    .. parsed-literal::

        -smbios type=11,value=cloud-init:ds=nocloud-net;s=http://10.10.0.1:8000/,\\
                        value=anaconda:method=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/25/x86_64/os,\\
                        path=/some/file/with/oemstringsdata.txt

    In the guest OS this is visible with the ``dmidecode`` command

     .. parsed-literal::

         $ dmidecode -t 11
         Handle 0x0E00, DMI type 11, 5 bytes
         OEM Strings
              String 1: cloud-init:ds=nocloud-net;s=http://10.10.0.1:8000/
              String 2: anaconda:method=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/25/x86_64/os
              String 3: myapp:some extra data


``-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]``
    Specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
ERST

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Network options:)

DEF("netdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_netdev,
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    "-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4[=on|off]][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]\n"
    "         [,ipv6[=on|off]][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]\n"
    "         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]\n"
    "         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]\n"
    "         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule]"
#ifndef _WIN32
                                             "[,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]\n"
#endif
    "                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',\n"
    "                its DHCP server and optional services\n"
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
    "-netdev tap,id=str,ifname=name\n"
    "                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n"
#else
    "-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]\n"
    "         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]\n"
    "         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]\n"
    "         [,poll-us=n]\n"
    "                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n"
    "                connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n"
    "                use network scripts 'file' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT ")\n"
    "                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT ")\n"
    "                to deconfigure it\n"
    "                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution\n"
    "                use network helper 'helper' (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ") to\n"
    "                configure it\n"
    "                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n"
    "                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces\n"
    "                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the\n"
    "                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')\n"
    "                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag\n"
    "                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition\n"
    "                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator\n"
    "                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)\n"
    "                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests\n"
    "                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device\n"
    "                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices\n"
    "                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP\n"
    "                use 'poll-us=n' to speciy the maximum number of microseconds that could be\n"
    "                spent on busy polling for vhost net\n"
    "-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]\n"
    "                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is\n"
    "                connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n"
    "                using the program 'helper (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ")\n"
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
    "-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]\n"
    "         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on/off][,udp=on/off]\n"
    "         [,cookie64=on/off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]\n"
    "         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]\n"
    "                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to\n"
    "                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.\n"
    "                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk\n"
    "                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,\n"
    "                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal\n"
    "                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static\n"
    "                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).\n"
    "                use 'src=' to specify source address\n"
    "                use 'dst=' to specify destination address\n"
    "                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation\n"
    "                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port\n"
    "                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port\n"
    "                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6\n"
    "                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as\n"
    "                well as a weak security measure\n"
    "                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie\n"
    "                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie\n"
    "                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32\n"
    "                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter\n"
    "                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer\n"
    "                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data\n"
#endif
    "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n"
    "                configure a network backend to connect to another network\n"
    "                using a socket connection\n"
    "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]\n"
    "                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port\n"
    "                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from\n"
    "-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]\n"
    "                configure a network backend to connect to another network\n"
    "                using an UDP tunnel\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
    "-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]\n"
    "                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch\n"
    "                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.\n"
    "                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default\n"
    "                ownership and permissions for communication port.\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP
    "-netdev netmap,id=str,ifname=name[,devname=nmname]\n"
    "                attach to the existing netmap-enabled network interface 'name', or to a\n"
    "                VALE port (created on the fly) called 'name' ('nmname' is name of the \n"
    "                netmap device, defaults to '/dev/netmap')\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
    "-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]\n"
    "                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'\n"
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
    "-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str,vhostdev=/path/to/dev\n"
    "                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev\n"
#endif
    "-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]\n"
    "                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("nic", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_nic,
    "-nic [tap|bridge|"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    "user|"
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
    "l2tpv3|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
    "vde|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP
    "netmap|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
    "vhost-user|"
#endif
    "socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]\n"
    "                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address\n"
    "                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend\n"
    "-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to\n"
    "                provided a 'user' network connection)\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net,
    "-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]\n"
    "                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and\n"
    "                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)\n"
    "-net ["
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    "user|"
#endif
    "tap|"
    "bridge|"
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
    "vde|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP
    "netmap|"
#endif
    "socket][,option][,option][,...]\n"
    "                old way to initialize a host network interface\n"
    "                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-nic [tap|bridge|user|l2tpv3|vde|netmap|vhost-user|socket][,...][,mac=macaddr][,model=mn]``
    This option is a shortcut for configuring both the on-board
    (default) guest NIC hardware and the host network backend in one go.
    The host backend options are the same as with the corresponding
    ``-netdev`` options below. The guest NIC model can be set with
    ``model=modelname``. Use ``model=help`` to list the available device
    types. The hardware MAC address can be set with ``mac=macaddr``.

    The following two example do exactly the same, to show how ``-nic``
    can be used to shorten the command line length:

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| -netdev user,id=n1,ipv6=off -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
        |qemu_system| -nic user,ipv6=off,model=e1000,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32

``-nic none``
    Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to
    override the default configuration (default NIC with "user" host
    network backend) which is activated if no other networking options
    are provided.

``-netdev user,id=id[,option][,option][,...]``
    Configure user mode host network backend which requires no
    administrator privilege to run. Valid options are:

    ``id=id``
        Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands.

    ``ipv4=on|off and ipv6=on|off``
        Specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be enabled. If neither is
        specified both protocols are enabled.

    ``net=addr[/mask]``
        Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify
        the netmask, either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid
        top-most bits. Default is 10.0.2.0/24.

    ``host=addr``
        Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the
        2nd IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2.

    ``ipv6-net=addr[/int]``
        Set IPv6 network address the guest will see (default is
        fec0::/64). The network prefix is given in the usual hexadecimal
        IPv6 address notation. The prefix size is optional, and is given
        as the number of valid top-most bits (default is 64).

    ``ipv6-host=addr``
        Specify the guest-visible IPv6 address of the host. Default is
        the 2nd IPv6 in the guest network, i.e. xxxx::2.

    ``restrict=on|off``
        If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it
        will not be able to contact the host and no guest IP packets
        will be routed over the host to the outside. This option does
        not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules.

    ``hostname=name``
        Specifies the client hostname reported by the built-in DHCP
        server.

    ``dhcpstart=addr``
        Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can
        assign. Default is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network,
        i.e. x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31.

    ``dns=addr``
        Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The
        address must be different from the host address. Default is the
        3rd IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.3.

    ``ipv6-dns=addr``
        Specify the guest-visible address of the IPv6 virtual
        nameserver. The address must be different from the host address.
        Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network, i.e. xxxx::3.

    ``dnssearch=domain``
        Provides an entry for the domain-search list sent by the
        built-in DHCP server. More than one domain suffix can be
        transmitted by specifying this option multiple times. If
        supported, this will cause the guest to automatically try to
        append the given domain suffix(es) in case a domain name can not
        be resolved.

        Example:

        .. parsed-literal::

            |qemu_system| -nic user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org

    ``domainname=domain``
        Specifies the client domain name reported by the built-in DHCP
        server.

    ``tftp=dir``
        When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP
        server. The files in dir will be exposed as the root of a TFTP
        server. The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in
        binary mode (use the command ``bin`` of the Unix TFTP client).

    ``tftp-server-name=name``
        In BOOTP reply, broadcast name as the "TFTP server name"
        (RFC2132 option 66). This can be used to advise the guest to
        load boot files or configurations from a different server than
        the host address.

    ``bootfile=file``
        When using the user mode network stack, broadcast file as the
        BOOTP filename. In conjunction with ``tftp``, this can be used
        to network boot a guest from a local directory.

        Example (using pxelinux):

        .. parsed-literal::

            |qemu_system| -hda linux.img -boot n -device e1000,netdev=n1 \\
                -netdev user,id=n1,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0

    ``smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]``
        When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB
        server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in
        ``dir`` transparently. The IP address of the SMB server can be
        set to addr. By default the 4th IP in the guest network is used,
        i.e. x.x.x.4.

        In the guest Windows OS, the line:

        ::

            10.0.2.4 smbserver

        must be added in the file ``C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS`` (for windows
        9x/Me) or ``C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS`` (Windows
        NT/2000).

        Then ``dir`` can be accessed in ``\\smbserver\qemu``.

        Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS.

    ``hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport``
        Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port
        hostport to the guest IP address guestaddr on guest port
        guestport. If guestaddr is not specified, its value is x.x.x.15
        (default first address given by the built-in DHCP server). By
        specifying hostaddr, the rule can be bound to a specific host
        interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is used. This
        option can be given multiple times.

        For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to
        guest screen 0, use the following:

        .. parsed-literal::

            # on the host
            |qemu_system| -nic user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000
            # this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server
            xterm -display :1

        To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet
        port on the guest, use the following:

        .. parsed-literal::

            # on the host
            |qemu_system| -nic user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
            telnet localhost 5555

        Then when you use on the host ``telnet localhost 5555``, you
        connect to the guest telnet server.

    ``guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-dev``; \ ``guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-cmd:command``
        Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address server on port
        port to the character device dev or to a program executed by
        cmd:command which gets spawned for each connection. This option
        can be given multiple times.

        You can either use a chardev directly and have that one used
        throughout QEMU's lifetime, like in the following example:

        .. parsed-literal::

            # open 10.10.1.1:4321 on bootup, connect 10.0.2.100:1234 to it whenever
            # the guest accesses it
            |qemu_system| -nic user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321

        Or you can execute a command on every TCP connection established
        by the guest, so that QEMU behaves similar to an inetd process
        for that virtual server:

        .. parsed-literal::

            # call "netcat 10.10.1.1 4321" on every TCP connection to 10.0.2.100:1234
            # and connect the TCP stream to its stdin/stdout
            |qemu_system| -nic  'user,id=n1,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321'

``-netdev tap,id=id[,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,br=bridge][,helper=helper]``
    Configure a host TAP network backend with ID id.

    Use the network script file to configure it and the network script
    dfile to deconfigure it. If name is not provided, the OS
    automatically provides one. The default network configure script is
    ``/etc/qemu-ifup`` and the default network deconfigure script is
    ``/etc/qemu-ifdown``. Use ``script=no`` or ``downscript=no`` to
    disable script execution.

    If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper
    to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge.
    The default network helper executable is
    ``/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper`` and the default bridge device is
    ``br0``.

    ``fd``\ =h can be used to specify the handle of an already opened
    host TAP interface.

    Examples:

    .. parsed-literal::

        #launch a QEMU instance with the default network script
        |qemu_system| linux.img -nic tap

    .. parsed-literal::

        #launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected
        #to a TAP device
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                -netdev tap,id=nd0,ifname=tap0 -device e1000,netdev=nd0 \\
                -netdev tap,id=nd1,ifname=tap1 -device rtl8139,netdev=nd1

    .. parsed-literal::

        #launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
        #connect a TAP device to bridge br0
        |qemu_system| linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \\
                -netdev tap,id=n1,"helper=/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper"

``-netdev bridge,id=id[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]``
    Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device.

    Use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface and
    attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable is
    ``/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper`` and the default bridge device is
    ``br0``.

    Examples:

    .. parsed-literal::

        #launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
        #connect a TAP device to bridge br0
        |qemu_system| linux.img -netdev bridge,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1

    .. parsed-literal::

        #launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
        #connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0
        |qemu_system| linux.img -netdev bridge,br=qemubr0,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1

``-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]``
    This host network backend can be used to connect the guest's network
    to another QEMU virtual machine using a TCP socket connection. If
    ``listen`` is specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on port
    (host is optional). ``connect`` is used to connect to another QEMU
    instance using the ``listen`` option. ``fd``\ =h specifies an
    already opened TCP socket.

    Example:

    .. parsed-literal::

        # launch a first QEMU instance
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n1,listen=:1234
        # connect the network of this instance to the network of the first instance
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n2,connect=127.0.0.1:1234

``-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]``
    Configure a socket host network backend to share the guest's network
    traffic with another QEMU virtual machines using a UDP multicast
    socket, effectively making a bus for every QEMU with same multicast
    address maddr and port. NOTES:

    1. Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus
       (assuming correct multicast setup for these hosts).

    2. mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument
       ``ethN=mcast``), see http://user-mode-linux.sf.net.

    3. Use ``fd=h`` to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket.

    Example:

    .. parsed-literal::

        # launch one QEMU instance
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
        # launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n2,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
        # launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n3,mac=52:54:00:12:34:58 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n3,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234

    Example (User Mode Linux compat.):

    .. parsed-literal::

        # launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected is UML's default)
        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102
        # launch UML
        /path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast

    Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4):

    .. parsed-literal::

        |qemu_system| linux.img \\
                         -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
                         -netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4

``-netdev l2tpv3,id=id,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport],txsession=txsession[,rxsession=rxsession][,ipv6][,udp][,cookie64][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie][,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]``
    Configure a L2TPv3 pseudowire host network backend. L2TPv3 (RFC3931)
    is a popular protocol to transport Ethernet (and other Layer 2) data
    frames between two systems. It is present in routers, firewalls and
    the Linux kernel (from version 3.3 onwards).

    This transport allows a VM to communicate to another VM, router or
    firewall directly.

    ``src=srcaddr``
        source address (mandatory)

    ``dst=dstaddr``
        destination address (mandatory)

    ``udp``
        select udp encapsulation (default is ip).

    ``srcport=srcport``
        source udp port.

    ``dstport=dstport``
        destination udp port.

    ``ipv6``
        force v6, otherwise defaults to v4.

    ``rxcookie=rxcookie``; \ ``txcookie=txcookie``
        Cookies are a weak form of security in the l2tpv3 specification.
        Their function is mostly to prevent misconfiguration. By default
        they are 32 bit.

    ``cookie64``
        Set cookie size to 64 bit instead of the default 32

    ``counter=off``
        Force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter as in
        draft-mkonstan-l2tpext-keyed-ipv6-tunnel-00

    ``pincounter=on``
        Work around broken counter handling in peer. This may also help
        on networks which have packet reorder.

    ``offset=offset``
        Add an extra offset between header and data

    For example, to attach a VM running on host 4.3.2.1 via L2TPv3 to
    the bridge br-lan on the remote Linux host 1.2.3.4:

    .. parsed-literal::

        # Setup tunnel on linux host using raw ip as encapsulation
        # on 1.2.3.4
        ip l2tp add tunnel remote 4.3.2.1 local 1.2.3.4 tunnel_id 1 peer_tunnel_id 1 \\
            encap udp udp_sport 16384 udp_dport 16384
        ip l2tp add session tunnel_id 1 name vmtunnel0 session_id \\
            0xFFFFFFFF peer_session_id 0xFFFFFFFF
        ifconfig vmtunnel0 mtu 1500
        ifconfig vmtunnel0 up
        brctl addif br-lan vmtunnel0


        # on 4.3.2.1
        # launch QEMU instance - if your network has reorder or is very lossy add ,pincounter

        |qemu_system| linux.img -device e1000,netdev=n1 \\
            -netdev l2tpv3,id=n1,src=4.2.3.1,dst=1.2.3.4,udp,srcport=16384,dstport=16384,rxsession=0xffffffff,txsession=0xffffffff,counter

``-netdev vde,id=id[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]``
    Configure VDE backend to connect to PORT n of a vde switch running
    on host and listening for incoming connections on socketpath. Use
    GROUP groupname and MODE octalmode to change default ownership and
    permissions for communication port. This option is only available if
    QEMU has been compiled with vde support enabled.

    Example:

    .. parsed-literal::

        # launch vde switch
        vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch
        # launch QEMU instance
        |qemu_system| linux.img -nic vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch

``-netdev vhost-user,chardev=id[,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]``
    Establish a vhost-user netdev, backed by a chardev id. The chardev
    should be a unix domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a
    specifically defined protocol to pass vhost ioctl replacement
    messages to an application on the other end of the socket. On
    non-MSIX guests, the feature can be forced with vhostforce. Use
    'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for
    multiqueue vhost-user.

    Example:

    ::

        qemu -m 512 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,share=on \
             -numa node,memdev=mem \
             -chardev socket,id=chr0,path=/path/to/socket \
             -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=chr0 \
             -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0

``-netdev vhost-vdpa,vhostdev=/path/to/dev``
    Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev.

    vDPA device is a device that uses a datapath which complies with
    the virtio specifications with a vendor specific control path.
    vDPA devices can be both physically located on the hardware or
    emulated by software.

``-netdev hubport,id=id,hubid=hubid[,netdev=nd]``
    Create a hub port on the emulated hub with ID hubid.

    The hubport netdev lets you connect a NIC to a QEMU emulated hub
    instead of a single netdev. Alternatively, you can also connect the
    hubport to another netdev with ID nd by using the ``netdev=nd``
    option.

``-net nic[,netdev=nd][,macaddr=mac][,model=type] [,name=name][,addr=addr][,vectors=v]``
    Legacy option to configure or create an on-board (or machine
    default) Network Interface Card(NIC) and connect it either to the
    emulated hub with ID 0 (i.e. the default hub), or to the netdev nd.
    If model is omitted, then the default NIC model associated with the
    machine type is used. Note that the default NIC model may change in
    future QEMU releases, so it is highly recommended to always specify
    a model. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to mac, the
    device address set to addr (PCI cards only), and a name can be
    assigned for use in monitor commands. Optionally, for PCI cards, you
    can specify the number v of MSI-X vectors that the card should have;
    this option currently only affects virtio cards; set v = 0 to
    disable MSI-X. If no ``-net`` option is specified, a single NIC is
    created. QEMU can emulate several different models of network card.
    Use ``-net nic,model=help`` for a list of available devices for your
    target.

``-net user|tap|bridge|socket|l2tpv3|vde[,...][,name=name]``
    Configure a host network backend (with the options corresponding to
    the same ``-netdev`` option) and connect it to the emulated hub 0
    (the default hub). Use name to specify the name of the hub port.
ERST

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Character device options:)

DEF("chardev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_chardev,
    "-chardev help\n"
    "-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4][,ipv6][,nodelay][,reconnect=seconds]\n"
    "         [,server][,nowait][,telnet][,websocket][,reconnect=seconds][,mux=on|off]\n"
    "         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)\n"
    "-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server][,nowait][,telnet][,websocket][,reconnect=seconds]\n"
    "         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)\n"
    "-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]\n"
    "         [,localport=localport][,ipv4][,ipv6][,mux=on|off]\n"
    "         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]\n"
    "         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#ifdef _WIN32
    "-chardev console,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#else
    "-chardev pty,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BRLAPI
    "-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) \
        || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
    "-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev tty,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
    "-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev parport,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_SPICE)
    "-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
    "-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
    , QEMU_ARCH_ALL
)

SRST
The general form of a character device option is:

``-chardev backend,id=id[,mux=on|off][,options]``
    Backend is one of: ``null``, ``socket``, ``udp``, ``msmouse``,
    ``vc``, ``ringbuf``, ``file``, ``pipe``, ``console``, ``serial``,
    ``pty``, ``stdio``, ``braille``, ``tty``, ``parallel``, ``parport``,
    ``spicevmc``, ``spiceport``. The specific backend will determine the
    applicable options.

    Use ``-chardev help`` to print all available chardev backend types.

    All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127
    characters long. It is used to uniquely identify this device in
    other command line directives.

    A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple
    front-ends. Specify ``mux=on`` to enable this mode. A multiplexer is
    a "1:N" device, and here the "1" end is your specified chardev
    backend, and the "N" end is the various parts of QEMU that can talk
    to a chardev. If you create a chardev with ``id=myid`` and
    ``mux=on``, QEMU will create a multiplexer with your specified ID,
    and you can then configure multiple front ends to use that chardev
    ID for their input/output. Up to four different front ends can be
    connected to a single multiplexed chardev. (Without multiplexing
    enabled, a chardev can only be used by a single front end.) For
    instance you could use this to allow a single stdio chardev to be
    used by two serial ports and the QEMU monitor:

    ::

        -chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
        -mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
        -serial chardev:char0 \
        -serial chardev:char0

    You can have more than one multiplexer in a system configuration;
    for instance you could have a TCP port multiplexed between UART 0
    and UART 1, and stdio multiplexed between the QEMU monitor and a
    parallel port:

    ::

        -chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
        -mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
        -parallel chardev:char0 \
        -chardev tcp,...,mux=on,id=char1 \
        -serial chardev:char1 \
        -serial chardev:char1

    When you're using a multiplexed character device, some escape
    sequences are interpreted in the input. See :ref:`mux_005fkeys`.

    Note that some other command line options may implicitly create
    multiplexed character backends; for instance ``-serial mon:stdio``
    creates a multiplexed stdio backend connected to the serial port and
    the QEMU monitor, and ``-nographic`` also multiplexes the console
    and the monitor to stdio.

    There is currently no support for multiplexing in the other
    direction (where a single QEMU front end takes input and output from
    multiple chardevs).

    Every backend supports the ``logfile`` option, which supplies the
    path to a file to record all data transmitted via the backend. The
    ``logappend`` option controls whether the log file will be truncated
    or appended to when opened.

The available backends are:

``-chardev null,id=id``
    A void device. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any
    data it receives. The null backend does not take any options.

``-chardev socket,id=id[,TCP options or unix options][,server][,nowait][,telnet][,websocket][,reconnect=seconds][,tls-creds=id][,tls-authz=id]``
    Create a two-way stream socket, which can be either a TCP or a unix
    socket. A unix socket will be created if ``path`` is specified.
    Behaviour is undefined if TCP options are specified for a unix
    socket.

    ``server`` specifies that the socket shall be a listening socket.

    ``nowait`` specifies that QEMU should not block waiting for a client
    to connect to a listening socket.

    ``telnet`` specifies that traffic on the socket should interpret
    telnet escape sequences.

    ``websocket`` specifies that the socket uses WebSocket protocol for
    communication.

    ``reconnect`` sets the timeout for reconnecting on non-server
    sockets when the remote end goes away. qemu will delay this many
    seconds and then attempt to reconnect. Zero disables reconnecting,
    and is the default.

    ``tls-creds`` requests enablement of the TLS protocol for
    encryption, and specifies the id of the TLS credentials to use for
    the handshake. The credentials must be previously created with the
    ``-object tls-creds`` argument.

    ``tls-auth`` provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object
    against which the client's x509 distinguished name will be
    validated. This object is only resolved at time of use, so can be
    deleted and recreated on the fly while the chardev server is active.
    If missing, it will default to denying access.

    TCP and unix socket options are given below:

    ``TCP options: port=port[,host=host][,to=to][,ipv4][,ipv6][,nodelay]``
        ``host`` for a listening socket specifies the local address to
        be bound. For a connecting socket species the remote host to
        connect to. ``host`` is optional for listening sockets. If not
        specified it defaults to ``0.0.0.0``.

        ``port`` for a listening socket specifies the local port to be
        bound. For a connecting socket specifies the port on the remote
        host to connect to. ``port`` can be given as either a port
        number or a service name. ``port`` is required.

        ``to`` is only relevant to listening sockets. If it is
        specified, and ``port`` cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to
        bind to subsequent ports up to and including ``to`` until it
        succeeds. ``to`` must be specified as a port number.

        ``ipv4`` and ``ipv6`` specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be
        used. If neither is specified the socket may use either
        protocol.

        ``nodelay`` disables the Nagle algorithm.

    ``unix options: path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off]``
        ``path`` specifies the local path of the unix socket. ``path``
        is required.
        ``abstract`` specifies the use of the abstract socket namespace,
        rather than the filesystem.  Optional, defaults to false.
        ``tight`` sets the socket length of abstract sockets to their minimum,
        rather than the full sun_path length.  Optional, defaults to true.

``-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr][,localport=localport][,ipv4][,ipv6]``
    Sends all traffic from the guest to a remote host over UDP.

    ``host`` specifies the remote host to connect to. If not specified
    it defaults to ``localhost``.

    ``port`` specifies the port on the remote host to connect to.
    ``port`` is required.

    ``localaddr`` specifies the local address to bind to. If not
    specified it defaults to ``0.0.0.0``.

    ``localport`` specifies the local port to bind to. If not specified
    any available local port will be used.

    ``ipv4`` and ``ipv6`` specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used.
    If neither is specified the device may use either protocol.

``-chardev msmouse,id=id``
    Forward QEMU's emulated msmouse events to the guest. ``msmouse``
    does not take any options.

``-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]``
    Connect to a QEMU text console. ``vc`` may optionally be given a
    specific size.

    ``width`` and ``height`` specify the width and height respectively
    of the console, in pixels.

    ``cols`` and ``rows`` specify that the console be sized to fit a
    text console with the given dimensions.

``-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size]``
    Create a ring buffer with fixed size ``size``. size must be a power
    of two and defaults to ``64K``.

``-chardev file,id=id,path=path``
    Log all traffic received from the guest to a file.

    ``path`` specifies the path of the file to be opened. This file will
    be created if it does not already exist, and overwritten if it does.
    ``path`` is required.

``-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path``
    Create a two-way connection to the guest. The behaviour differs
    slightly between Windows hosts and other hosts:

    On Windows, a single duplex pipe will be created at
    ``\\.pipe\path``.

    On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called ``path.in`` and
    ``path.out``. Data written to ``path.in`` will be received by the
    guest. Data written by the guest can be read from ``path.out``. QEMU
    will not create these fifos, and requires them to be present.

    ``path`` forms part of the pipe path as described above. ``path`` is
    required.

``-chardev console,id=id``
    Send traffic from the guest to QEMU's standard output. ``console``
    does not take any options.

    ``console`` is only available on Windows hosts.

``-chardev serial,id=id,path=path``
    Send traffic from the guest to a serial device on the host.

    On Unix hosts serial will actually accept any tty device, not only
    serial lines.

    ``path`` specifies the name of the serial device to open.

``-chardev pty,id=id``
    Create a new pseudo-terminal on the host and connect to it. ``pty``
    does not take any options.

    ``pty`` is not available on Windows hosts.

``-chardev stdio,id=id[,signal=on|off]``
    Connect to standard input and standard output of the QEMU process.

    ``signal`` controls if signals are enabled on the terminal, that
    includes exiting QEMU with the key sequence Control-c. This option
    is enabled by default, use ``signal=off`` to disable it.

``-chardev braille,id=id``
    Connect to a local BrlAPI server. ``braille`` does not take any
    options.

``-chardev tty,id=id,path=path``
    ``tty`` is only available on Linux, Sun, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD
    and DragonFlyBSD hosts. It is an alias for ``serial``.

    ``path`` specifies the path to the tty. ``path`` is required.

``-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path``
  \
``-chardev parport,id=id,path=path``
    ``parallel`` is only available on Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD
    hosts.

    Connect to a local parallel port.

    ``path`` specifies the path to the parallel port device. ``path`` is
    required.

``-chardev spicevmc,id=id,debug=debug,name=name``
    ``spicevmc`` is only available when spice support is built in.

    ``debug`` debug level for spicevmc

    ``name`` name of spice channel to connect to

    Connect to a spice virtual machine channel, such as vdiport.

``-chardev spiceport,id=id,debug=debug,name=name``
    ``spiceport`` is only available when spice support is built in.

    ``debug`` debug level for spicevmc

    ``name`` name of spice port to connect to

    Connect to a spice port, allowing a Spice client to handle the
    traffic identified by a name (preferably a fqdn).
ERST

DEFHEADING()

#ifdef CONFIG_TPM
DEFHEADING(TPM device options:)

DEF("tpmdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tpmdev, \
    "-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]\n"
    "                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0\n"
    "                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if\n"
    "                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device\n"
    "-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev\n"
    "                configure the TPM device using chardev backend\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
The general form of a TPM device option is:

``-tpmdev backend,id=id[,options]``
    The specific backend type will determine the applicable options. The
    ``-tpmdev`` option creates the TPM backend and requires a
    ``-device`` option that specifies the TPM frontend interface model.

    Use ``-tpmdev help`` to print all available TPM backend types.

The available backends are:

``-tpmdev passthrough,id=id,path=path,cancel-path=cancel-path``
    (Linux-host only) Enable access to the host's TPM using the
    passthrough driver.

    ``path`` specifies the path to the host's TPM device, i.e., on a
    Linux host this would be ``/dev/tpm0``. ``path`` is optional and by
    default ``/dev/tpm0`` is used.

    ``cancel-path`` specifies the path to the host TPM device's sysfs
    entry allowing for cancellation of an ongoing TPM command.
    ``cancel-path`` is optional and by default QEMU will search for the
    sysfs entry to use.

    Some notes about using the host's TPM with the passthrough driver:

    The TPM device accessed by the passthrough driver must not be used
    by any other application on the host.

    Since the host's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) has already initialized the
    TPM, the VM's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) will not be able to initialize
    the TPM again and may therefore not show a TPM-specific menu that
    would otherwise allow the user to configure the TPM, e.g., allow the
    user to enable/disable or activate/deactivate the TPM. Further, if
    TPM ownership is released from within a VM then the host's TPM will
    get disabled and deactivated. To enable and activate the TPM again
    afterwards, the host has to be rebooted and the user is required to
    enter the firmware's menu to enable and activate the TPM. If the TPM
    is left disabled and/or deactivated most TPM commands will fail.

    To create a passthrough TPM use the following two options:

    ::

        -tpmdev passthrough,id=tpm0 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0

    Note that the ``-tpmdev`` id is ``tpm0`` and is referenced by
    ``tpmdev=tpm0`` in the device option.

``-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev``
    (Linux-host only) Enable access to a TPM emulator using Unix domain
    socket based chardev backend.

    ``chardev`` specifies the unique ID of a character device backend
    that provides connection to the software TPM server.

    To create a TPM emulator backend device with chardev socket backend:

    ::

        -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/swtpm-sock -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0
ERST

DEFHEADING()

#endif

DEFHEADING(Linux/Multiboot boot specific:)
SRST
When using these options, you can use a given Linux or Multiboot kernel
without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful for easier
testing of various kernels.


ERST

DEF("kernel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_kernel, \
    "-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-kernel bzImage``
    Use bzImage as kernel image. The kernel can be either a Linux kernel
    or in multiboot format.
ERST

DEF("append", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_append, \
    "-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-append cmdline``
    Use cmdline as kernel command line
ERST

DEF("initrd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_initrd, \
           "-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-initrd file``
    Use file as initial ram disk.

``-initrd "file1 arg=foo,file2"``
    This syntax is only available with multiboot.

    Use file1 and file2 as modules and pass arg=foo as parameter to the
    first module.
ERST

DEF("dtb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_dtb, \
    "-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-dtb file``
    Use file as a device tree binary (dtb) image and pass it to the
    kernel on boot.
ERST

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Debug/Expert options:)

DEF("fw_cfg", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fwcfg,
    "-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>\n"
    "                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file\n"
    "-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>\n"
    "                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-fw_cfg [name=]name,file=file``
    Add named fw\_cfg entry with contents from file file.

``-fw_cfg [name=]name,string=str``
    Add named fw\_cfg entry with contents from string str.

    The terminating NUL character of the contents of str will not be
    included as part of the fw\_cfg item data. To insert contents with
    embedded NUL characters, you have to use the file parameter.

    The fw\_cfg entries are passed by QEMU through to the guest.

    Example:

    ::

            -fw_cfg name=opt/com.mycompany/blob,file=./my_blob.bin

    creates an fw\_cfg entry named opt/com.mycompany/blob with contents
    from ./my\_blob.bin.
ERST

DEF("serial", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_serial, \
    "-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'\n",
    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-serial dev``
    Redirect the virtual serial port to host character device dev. The
    default device is ``vc`` in graphical mode and ``stdio`` in non
    graphical mode.

    This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serial
    ports.

    Use ``-serial none`` to disable all serial ports.

    Available character devices are:

    ``vc[:WxH]``
        Virtual console. Optionally, a width and height can be given in
        pixel with

        ::

            vc:800x600

        It is also possible to specify width or height in characters:

        ::

            vc:80Cx24C

    ``pty``
        [Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated)

    ``none``
        No device is allocated.

    ``null``
        void device

    ``chardev:id``
        Use a named character device defined with the ``-chardev``
        option.

    ``/dev/XXX``
        [Linux only] Use host tty, e.g. ``/dev/ttyS0``. The host serial
        port parameters are set according to the emulated ones.

    ``/dev/parportN``
        [Linux only, parallel port only] Use host parallel port N.
        Currently SPP and EPP parallel port features can be used.

    ``file:filename``
        Write output to filename. No character can be read.

    ``stdio``
        [Unix only] standard input/output

    ``pipe:filename``
        name pipe filename

    ``COMn``
        [Windows only] Use host serial port n

    ``udp:[remote_host]:remote_port[@[src_ip]:src_port]``
        This implements UDP Net Console. When remote\_host or src\_ip
        are not specified they default to ``0.0.0.0``. When not using a
        specified src\_port a random port is automatically chosen.

        If you just want a simple readonly console you can use
        ``netcat`` or ``nc``, by starting QEMU with:
        ``-serial udp::4555`` and nc as: ``nc -u -l -p 4555``. Any time
        QEMU writes something to that port it will appear in the
        netconsole session.

        If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want
        to stop and start QEMU a lot of times, you should have QEMU use
        the same source port each time by using something like ``-serial
        udp::4555@:4556`` to QEMU. Another approach is to use a patched
        version of netcat which can listen to a TCP port and send and
        receive characters via udp. If you have a patched version of
        netcat which activates telnet remote echo and single char
        transfer, then you can use the following options to set up a
        netcat redirector to allow telnet on port 5555 to access the
        QEMU port.

        ``QEMU Options:``
            -serial udp::4555@:4556

        ``netcat options:``
            -u -P 4555 -L 0.0.0.0:4556 -t -p 5555 -I -T

        ``telnet options:``
            localhost 5555

    ``tcp:[host]:port[,server][,nowait][,nodelay][,reconnect=seconds]``
        The TCP Net Console has two modes of operation. It can send the
        serial I/O to a location or wait for a connection from a
        location. By default the TCP Net Console is sent to host at the
        port. If you use the server option QEMU will wait for a client
        socket application to connect to the port before continuing,
        unless the ``nowait`` option was specified. The ``nodelay``
        option disables the Nagle buffering algorithm. The ``reconnect``
        option only applies if noserver is set, if the connection goes
        down it will attempt to reconnect at the given interval. If host
        is omitted, 0.0.0.0 is assumed. Only one TCP connection at a
        time is accepted. You can use ``telnet`` to connect to the
        corresponding character device.

        ``Example to send tcp console to 192.168.0.2 port 4444``
            -serial tcp:192.168.0.2:4444

        ``Example to listen and wait on port 4444 for connection``
            -serial tcp::4444,server

        ``Example to not wait and listen on ip 192.168.0.100 port 4444``
            -serial tcp:192.168.0.100:4444,server,nowait

    ``telnet:host:port[,server][,nowait][,nodelay]``
        The telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. The
        options work the same as if you had specified ``-serial tcp``.
        The difference is that the port acts like a telnet server or
        client using telnet option negotiation. This will also allow you
        to send the MAGIC\_SYSRQ sequence if you use a telnet that
        supports sending the break sequence. Typically in unix telnet
        you do it with Control-] and then type "send break" followed by
        pressing the enter key.

    ``websocket:host:port,server[,nowait][,nodelay]``
        The WebSocket protocol is used instead of raw tcp socket. The
        port acts as a WebSocket server. Client mode is not supported.

    ``unix:path[,server][,nowait][,reconnect=seconds]``
        A unix domain socket is used instead of a tcp socket. The option
        works the same as if you had specified ``-serial tcp`` except
        the unix domain socket path is used for connections.

    ``mon:dev_string``
        This is a special option to allow the monitor to be multiplexed
        onto another serial port. The monitor is accessed with key
        sequence of Control-a and then pressing c. dev\_string should be
        any one of the serial devices specified above. An example to
        multiplex the monitor onto a telnet server listening on port
        4444 would be:

        ``-serial mon:telnet::4444,server,nowait``

        When the monitor is multiplexed to stdio in this way, Ctrl+C
        will not terminate QEMU any more but will be passed to the guest
        instead.

    ``braille``
        Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille
        output on a real or fake device.

    ``msmouse``
        Three button serial mouse. Configure the guest to use Microsoft
        protocol.
ERST

DEF("parallel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_parallel, \